THOR dummy chest deflection response in oblique and lateral far-side sled tests

Abstract

Objective: The focus of this study is side impact. Though occupant injury assessment and protection in nearside impacts has received considerable attention and safety standards have been promulgated, field studies show that a majority of far-side occupant injuries are focused on the head and thorax. The 50th percentile male Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) has been used in oblique and lateral far-side impact sled tests, and regional body accelerations and forces and moments recorded by load cells have been previously reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the chestband-based deflection responses from these tests.

Methods: The 3-point belt–restrained 50th percentile male THOR dummy was seated upright in a buck consisting of a rigid flat seat, simulated center console, dashboard, far-side side door structure, and armrest. It was designed to conduct pure lateral and oblique impacts. The center console, dashboard, simulated door structure, and armrest were covered with energy-absorbing materials. A center-mounted airbag was mounted to the right side of the seat. Two 59-gage chestbands were routed on the circumference of the thorax, with the upper and lower chestbands at the level of the third and sixth ribs, respectively, following the rib geometry. Oblique and pure lateral far-side impact tests with and without airbags were conducted at 8.3 m/s. Maximum chest deflections were computed by processing temporal contours using custom software and 3 methods: Procedures paralleling human cadaver studies, using the actual anchor point location and actual alignment of the InfraRed Telescoping Rods for the Assessment of Chest Compression (IR-TRACC) in the dummy on each aspect—that is, right or left,—and using the same anchor location of the internal sensor but determining the location of the peak chest deflection on the contour confined to the aspect of the sensor; these were termed the SD, ID, and TD metrics, respectively.

Results: All deformation contours at the upper and lower thorax levels and associated peak deflections are given for all tests. Briefly, the ID metrics were the lowest in magnitude for both pure lateral and oblique modes, regardless of the presence or absence of an airbag. This was followed by the TD metric, and the SD metric produced the greatest deflections.

Conclusion: The chestbands provide a unique opportunity to compute peak deflections that parallel current IR-TRACC-type deflections and allow computation of peak deflections independent of the initial point of attachment to the rib. The differing locations of the peak deflection vectors along the rib contours for different test conditions suggest that a priori attachment is less effective. Further, varying magnitudes of the differences between ID and TD metrics underscore the difficulty in extrapolating ID outputs under different conditions: Pure lateral versus oblique, airbag presence, and thoracic levels. Deflection measurements should, therefore, not be limited to an instrument that can only track from a fixed point. For improved predictions, these results suggest the need to investigate alternative techniques, such as optical methods to improve chest deflection measurements for far-side occupant injury assessment and mitigation.     

持续提高黄土高原植被水土保持功能的配套技术(Ⅱ)造林与经营配套技术

阐明了能使防护林体系水土保持功能达到持续和稳定提高的造林和经营配套技术     

同步辐射技术在环境纳米金属组学研究中的应用

随着我国工业的发展,在工业产值不断提升的同时,向环境中释放出的各类污染物也逐渐增加,其中包括多种金属纳米颗粒物。这些金属纳米颗粒物进入大气、水源及土壤中,累积到一定程度引起环境安全问题;进一步可被动植物所吸收,经过食物链富集和传递,造成直接或间接人体暴露,危害人体健康。环境纳米金属组学,研究的范畴主要涉及自然或人为因素产生的金属纳米颗粒在环境介质和生物有机体中的生物/化学行为、转化归趋,并且据此评价金属纳米颗粒物的环境安全性及其生物健康效应。随着对金属纳米颗粒环境效应研究的不断深入,对传统的研究方法提出了更多的挑战。同步辐射具有高亮度、高准直和宽频谱等特性,在金属元素分析方面具有无可比拟的优势。本文主要介绍了同步辐射技术,如同步辐射X射线荧光分析技术(SR-XRF)和同步辐射X射线吸收光谱技术(SR-XAS)等,在金属纳米颗粒物的环境行为及其生物健康效应研究中的应用;结合本实验室及国内外的一些研究工作,阐述了同步辐射技术应用于环境纳米金属组学研究领域所取得的一些新进展,以期为拓展同步辐射技术在环境金属纳米颗粒物分析的应用研究提供参考价值。     

我国城市垂直绿化现状与垂直绿化新技术

虽然我国各城市开展城市垂直绿化推广工作，取得了不少成效，但是依然存在着垂直绿化技术和植物种类单一、效果有待改善等问题。近年来，国内外出现了不少新的垂直绿化技术，若能借鉴、选择性地进行应用，对我国城市垂直绿化工作必定起促进作用。介绍了几种较新的垂直绿化技术，以供参考。     

Explicit and implicit coupling during solute transport through clay membrane barriers

Simulations of salt (KCl) flux through a 1-m-thick clay membrane barrier (CMB) based on coupled solute transport theory are compared to simulated fluxes based on traditional advective-dispersive transport theory. The simulations are based on measured values for the effective salt-diffusion coefficient (Ds*) and chemico-osmotic efficiency coefficient (omega) for a bentonite-based barrier material subjected to KCl solutions. The results indicate that the exit salt flux is reduced due to both explicit coupling (hyperfiltration and chemico-osmotic counter-advection) and an implicit coupling effect resulting from the decrease in Ds* due to a decrease in the apparent tortuosity factor, tau a, with an increase in omega. Implicit coupling is shown to be more significant than explicit coupling for reducing and retarding salt flux through a CMB under diffusion-dominated conditions. Failure to account for the implicit coupling effect may result in unrealistic results, such as the existence of salt flux through a perfect (ideal) clay membrane (i.e., omega=1).     

有机污染物的光催化降解过程中的分析技术进展

本文对有机物的光催化降解动力学研究 ,降解产物的鉴定、定量检测等过程中所使用的一些分析技术和手段 ,尤其是在有机物的光降解机理研究中羟自由基的检测技术和方法进行了综述     

A voltammetric screening method to determine ronidazole in bovine meat

Abstract

An original voltammetric screening method, employing glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with the differential-pulse voltammetry technique (DPV), has been developed to determine residues of the anti-parasitic agent Ronidazole (RNZ) in bovine meat. By using cyclic voltammetry (CV), it has been demonstrated that an irreversible cathodic process occurs at approximately ?0.740?V (vs. Ag|AgCl, KCl 3?mol L^?1) in a 0.100?mol L^?1 phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 as supporting electrolyte. Furthermore, the behavior of RNZ in CV indicates the occurrence of a diffusion mass transfer process to the working electrode surface. The RNZ reduction mechanism was proposed as a 6-electron transfer, similar to Metronidazole under the same pH range. Quantification of RNZ and method validation were then carried out by DPV. The relative standard deviation (RSD) were 3.21% for intraday precision of 10 consecutive repetitions and 6.78% for interday precision after five analysis. Limits of detection and quantification were also obtained, and the values were 0.107 and 0.358?mg kg^?1, respectively. The recovery percentage for three different concentrations of RNZ in the bovine meat matrix ranged between 98.1% and 100.3%. The method proved to be efficient for screening RNZ in bovine meat.     

浑河流域沈抚段氮素污染综合溯源研究

通过对浑河流域沈抚段水体样品和主要污染源样品采集及检测,结合氮氧双稳定同位素及SIAR模型,统计分析研究区域氮素污染现状及氮素污染来源,绘制典型污染源的δ15N、δ18O特征分布图并估算其贡献率,准确追踪和定量外来性氮,从而更好地控制进入浑河流域的氮负荷.结果表明,浑河流域沈抚段受排污口、支流输入、工业废水的影响较大,氮素污染严重.研究区域δ15N值在-5.23‰~33.8‰范围内波动,δ18O值变化范围较大,为-4.12‰~61.54‰.工业废水对氮素贡献率为20.6%~96.3%,贡献率最高,其次是生活污水与粪便、化学肥料、土壤,贡献率分布范围分别为0.3%~29.4%、1.2%~33.5%、1.7%~30.1%,大气沉降对氮素贡献率最低,为0~7.2%.考虑大气污染及污废水排放规律能更准确的确定氮素的污染来源.     

城市供水中藻类去除技术的研究进展

日趋严重的水体富营养化已成为全球性的环境问题,藻类及其副产物给传统净水工艺带来了诸多不利影响,增加了水处理难度。本文对饮用水中藻类各种去除技术进行了具体的论述,并系统分析各技术去除效果、局限性,展望了藻类去除技术发展前景。指出目前控制饮用水中藻类污染必须将水源污染综合治理、强化预氧化工艺、优化常规工艺结合起来。     

农村生活污水处理技术模式的层次分析研究

在当前农村环境的治理中,生活污水处理技术和模式一直是农村环保不断探索的问题.根据农村实际情况选择合适的处理技术显得尤为重要.通过实地调研,对农村生活污水产生现状、常见处理工艺进行了分析.根据当前实际应用情况,选定了四种典型农村生活污水技术模式,以及对模式选择有影响的六个主要因素,按照层次分析法进行了研究,以期为农村生活污水处理工艺的选择提供参考.分析结果表明首选方案为"A/O+人工湿地"处理技术,与目前农村生活污水实际状况相吻合.